千岛湖森林康养基地发展路径探析 ——基于千岛湖龙川湾的调查研究

国家相关管理部门联合提出按照“环境优良、服务优质、管理完善、特色鲜明、效益明显”的要求建设一批国家森林康养基地。以浙江千岛湖龙川湾为例,分析其森林资源、地理区位、产业链、发展规模、社会合作、管理保障、三大效益等方面建设森林康养基地的优势,整合提升游憩观赏、研学文化、垂钓休闲、扶犁耕地、康养保健、疗养康复、健身拓展区域空间布局与发展举措,从康养体验、休闲体验、运动健身等方面增强千岛湖龙川湾森林康养基地功能,推进森林康养产业发展。     

洞庭湖烂泥湖水系洪涝灾害风险评估与应对措施

近年来,洪涝灾害是全球发生频繁、危害最严重的气象灾害之一,国内不少学者开始对洪涝灾害进行研究,目前对于洞庭湖区洪涝灾害风险的研究较少。采用综合评价法建立模型对洞庭湖区烂泥湖水系洪涝灾害风险进行评估并提出应对策略,结果表明:新泉寺闸内水位和滞涝水面率的不同导致暴雨对烂泥湖水系的影响程度也不同。同时采取提高滞涝水面率和降低内湖水位,基本可以消除一般年份处于高风险的范围,对于减少低风险范围、增加无风险范围效果更为显著;对于平均风险度为高风险的年份,能够消除大部分高风险区域。     

汉阳地区五个湖泊沉水植物分布及富营养化现状

2011年7月—2012年4月对武汉市汉阳地区五个湖泊(后官湖,三角湖,南太子湖,墨水湖和龙阳湖)的水质及沉水植物进行了季节性调查,以了解湖泊富营养化现状及其对沉水植物的影响。结果显示:后官湖为中营养,而三角湖、南太子湖、墨水湖和龙阳湖为重度富营养,其中龙阳湖污染最重。共采集沉水植物7种,隶属于5科5属,主要种类为金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)、苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)和菹草(Potamogeton crispus)。沉水植物主要分布在后官湖沿岸带,其它四个湖泊中沉水植物已严重退化,仅在部分水域偶见。后官湖沉水植物盖度和生物量最大值出现在10月,分别为67.5%和5.58 kg/m~2,1月份较低,分别为29.3%和1.88 kg/m~2,优势种存在明显的季节更替。结果表明,汉阳地区湖泊沉水植物退化与富营养化引起的水下光照下降和高密度的水产养殖有关。     

Pansteatitis in polluted Olifants River impoundments: nutritional perspectives on fish in a eutrophic lake,Lake Loskop,South Africa

This study compares the aetiology of pansteatitis in Lake Loskop, relative to two other impoundments along the Olifants River. Macroscopic and microscopic pathology, age determination and analysis of stomach content, fatty acids and stable isotopes explain the high prevalence of pansteatitis in Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters) and several other species in Lake Loskop. All the dietary indicator comparisons between pansteatitis‐affected and healthy fish fail to support a systemic cause. Pansteatitis in Lake Loskop was linked to size and weight of O. mossambicus, but not to ontogenic age. Fish in Lake Loskop showed abnormally high omega‐3 to omega‐6 fatty acid ratios normally only found in marine fish with no significant difference in degree of assimilation of these fatty acids between pansteatitis‐affected and healthy fish. This explains the vulnerability to, but not the occurrence of, pansteatitis. As a cause for the pansteatitis, these results point towards sporadic vitamin E‐depleting trigger events, known sporadic fish die‐off occurrences that provide surviving fish with a rich source of rancid fats on which to scavenge. The mechanism ties pansteatitis to eutrophication and trophic cascade effects, the intrinsic drivers of the disease and suggests an adaptive management strategy that might be applied by relevant conservation authorities.     

Effects of Dietary Protein and Lipid Levels with Different Protein‐to‐Energy Ratios on Growth,Feed Utilization,and Plasma Biochemical Parameters of Dianchi Golden‐line Barbell,Sinocyclocheilus grahami

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of varying dietary protein and lipid levels with different protein‐to‐energy (P/E) ratios on growth, feed utilization, and plasma biochemical parameters of Sinocyclocheilus graham. Nine experimental diets were formulated to contain three protein levels (35, 40, and 45%), and each with three lipid levels (4, 8, and 12%), to produce a range of P/E ratios from 71.31 to 98.64 mg protein/kcal. Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 25 fish. Fish grew best when fed the diet containing 45% protein and 12% lipid. However, fish fed the diet with 40% protein and 8% lipid had similar weight gain and specific growth rate as those fed the above diet but showed relatively better feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and protein and energy retentions. Additionally, plasma total amino acids and blood urea nitrogen contents and γ‐glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities in fish fed the diet containing 40% protein and 8% lipid were relatively low among the dietary treatments. These results may indicate that a diet containing 40% protein and 8% lipid with P/E ratio of 84.05 mg protein/kcal would be suitable for the optimal growth, feed utilization, and health of S. graham.     

太白湖主要经济鱼类寄生蠕虫种类调查

2015年12月,采用形态学方法对长江中游的太白湖鱼类鳃和肠道寄生蠕虫进行了初步调查和种类鉴定。结果显示:在调查的15种131尾鱼中,共分离鉴定了36种寄生蠕虫,其中单殖吸虫30种,复殖吸虫1种,绦虫5种;对其中6种单殖吸虫的形态特征进行了重新描述。大部分鱼类的鳃部都感染单殖吸虫,只有4种鱼类的肠道感染寄生蠕虫,较低的体内寄生蠕虫多样性表明该湖泊的生态环境可能受到较严重的干扰。     

基于GIS和RUSLE的滇池流域土壤侵蚀敏感性评价及其空间格局演变

土壤侵蚀是滇池流域重要的生态问题之一,掌握滇池流域土壤侵蚀敏感性的时空变化特征有助于水土保持工作的实施和改进。以降雨量、DEM、土壤类型和Landsat影像为数据源,选择降雨、土壤、坡度坡长、植被覆盖4个因子建立土壤侵蚀敏感性评价体系,对滇池流域进行土壤侵蚀敏感性评价。结果表明:滇池流域土壤侵蚀敏感性以轻度敏感和中度敏感为主。空间分布上,轻度敏感区主要分布在滇池周边。中度敏感区主要分布在滇池流域山地区域,地形陡峭。时间变化上,1999—2014年滇池流域土壤侵蚀敏感程度呈下降趋势。轻度敏感区域面积增加20.18%,中度敏感区域面积减少20.31%,轻度敏感区的增加来源于中度敏感区的转变,转变区域分布于滇池流域西北部和东南部。在土壤侵蚀敏感性影响因子中,降雨是影响滇池流域土壤侵蚀敏感性的关键因子。研究滇池流域土壤敏感性时空变化,识别滇池流域易发生土壤侵蚀的区域,有助于该区域水土保持措施实施、生态治理和土地利用优化。     

博斯腾湖沉积物氨氧化细菌的筛选与鉴定

为了解干旱区淡水湖泊沉积物微生物在氨氧化中的功能,利用铵盐培养基对博斯腾湖不同深度沉积物进行驯化培养,结合水环境因子分析混合菌株产亚硝酸盐能力,从中分离纯化氨氧化细菌并对其氨转化能力进行试验。结果表明,6个采样位点12个样品中,11号位点深层沉积物(20～40 cm)混合菌株能有效利用铵盐产生亚硝酸盐,且连续6 d稳定维持其质量浓度高达20 mg/L以上。进而,从该混合菌液中分离得到30株单菌,其中有2株呈现出明显的氨氧化细菌特性。通过16S rRNA基因序列比对及形态学分析分别鉴定其为弯曲芽孢杆菌(Bacillus flexus)和赤红球菌(Rhodococcus ruber)。